Computational framework to predict and shape human–machine interactions in closed-loop, co-adaptive neural interfaces

Nature Machine Intelligence, Published online: 23 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s42256-026-01194-z

Madduri et al. introduce a computational framework grounded in control and game theory to model co-adaptation between users and decoders in neural interfaces. This framework enables a principled design of closed-loop systems that improve usability and personalization.